A Frontiers in Science Lecture to celebrate 2019, the International Year of the Periodic Table

The history of silicon is usually told as a history of electronic materials and devices. However, it is better told as a history of manufacturing innovation. This talk will take a journey through the manufacturing innovations that transformed silicon from its humble beginnings as the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust to the enabler of the computer chips that underpin the modern economy.

The journey begins with the extraction of silicon from sand and its processing into the most compositionally pure and structurally perfect human-made material. It continues through the mid-20th century breakthroughs that allowed fabrication and interconnection of high-quality electronic devices to form integrated circuits.

It is from this perspective that we can most easily appreciate silicon’s impact on modern society and why it is finding increasing utility in technology areas as diverse as renewable energy, environmental sensing, and augmented reality. It is also from this perspective that we can understand silicon’s limitations and begin to see what innovations might be necessary to enable silicon’s next act.

About the Speaker
Michael A. Filler is an associate professor and the Traylor Faculty Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech. His research program lies at the intersection of chemical engineering and materials science, focusing on the synthesis, understanding, and deployment of nanoscale materials for applications in electronics, photonics, and energy conversion.

He is co-director of the Community for Research on Active Surfaces and Interfaces (CRĀSI) and the host of Nanovation, a bimonthly podcast about the intersection of nanoscience, technology, manufacturing, and society.

Filler has received numerous awards for his research and teaching, including the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, Georgia Tech Sigma Xi Young Faculty Award, and the CETL/BP Junior Faculty Teaching Excellence Award. He also has been recognized as a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Environmental Chemistry Mentor.

About Frontiers in Science Lectures
Lectures in this series are intended to inform, engage, and inspire students, faculty, staff, and the public on developments, breakthroughs, and topics of general interest in the sciences and mathematics. Lecturers tailor their talks for nonexpert audiences.

About the Periodic Table Frontiers in Science Lecture Series
Throughout 2019, the College of Sciences will bring prominent researchers from Georgia Tech and beyond to expound on little-discussed aspects of chemical elements:

• Feb. 6, James Sowell, How the Universe Made the Elements in the Periodic Table

• March 5, Michael Filler, Celebrating Silicon: Its Success, Hidden History, and Next Act

• April 2, John Baez, University of California, Riverside, Mathematical Mysteries of the Periodic Table
• April 18, Sam Kean, Author, The Periodic Table: A Treasure Trove of Passion, Adventure, Betrayal, and Obsession
• Sept. 12, Monica Halka, The Elusive End of the Periodic Table: Why Chase It?
• October, Taka Ito, Turning Sour, Bloated, and Out of Breath: Ocean Chemistry under Global Warming (This will take place on the Thursday of Homecoming Week 2019)
• Nov. 12, Margaret Kosal, The Geopolitics of Rare and Not-So-Rare Elements

Closest public parking for the March 5 lecture is Visitors Area 4, Ferst Street and Atlantic Drive, http://pts.gatech.edu/visitors#l3  

Refreshments served after every lecture

Breck A. Duerkop, Ph.D.
Department of Immunology & Microbiology
University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus

Abstract
My lab studies the interface between bacteriophages and other mobile DNA elements in Gram-positive enterococci. This seminar will explore how the development of bacteriophage resistance in Enterococcus faecalis influences antibiotic resistance and intestinal colonization. In addition, I will discuss how E. faecalis communities use CRISPR/Cas as a native barrier to conjugative plasmid acquisition in the intestine.

Host: Marvin Whiteley

Michelle Antoine, Ph.D.
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute
University of California, Berkeley

Homa Ghalei, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry
Emory University School of Medicine

ABSTRACT
Non-coding (nc)RNAs account for the majority of the transcriptional output. Yet, their precise function and mode of regulation remain largely unclear. The interaction of ncRNAs with proteins for the formation of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) dictates the spatial and temporal action of many of the cellular machines and is critically important for the regulation of gene expression. The complex assembly of small nucleolar (sno)RNPs for methylation and processing of the ribosomal RNA is an example of such regulated biogenesis and is essential in all eukaryotes from yeast to man. Although the major interacting partners of snoRNAs have been well-known for some time, the regulatory mechanisms that control the biogenesis and turnover of these important RNAs, which likely underlie their link to cancer, are not understood. This constitutes a critical gap in our current understanding of the function of snoRNAs and their involvement in diseases, which we aim to fill. Yeast genetics allows us to identify key interaction partners and essential steps in biogenesis and turnover of snoRNPs. Biochemical assays and enzyme kinetics enable us to in vitro reconstitute and validate our in vivo findings. Structural techniques allow us to uncover the molecular mechanism of the assembly of snoRNAs with their key protein partners. Together, our projects combine a multifaceted approach to provide a molecular understanding of how snoRNPs are regulated in the cell. Characterizing these regulatory mechanisms will reveal novel paradigms of RNA control in the cell that may be also used for controlling the level of other disease-related cellular ncRNAs.

Host: Francesca Storici, Ph.D.

Prof. Gianluca Tell
Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair
Deputy of Research of the Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Udine

ABSTRACT
The Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, initially studied as a mere DNA repair pathway, has been later found to be implicated in the expression of cancer related genes in human. For several years, this intricate involvement in apparently different processes represented a mystery, which we now are starting to unveil. The BER handles simple alkylation and oxidative lesions arising from both endogenous and exogenous sources, including cancer therapy agents. Surprisingly, BER pathway involvement in transcriptional regulation, immunoglobulin variability and switch recombination, RNA metabolism and nucleolar function is astonishingly consolidating. An emerging evidence in tumor biology is that RNA processing pathways participate in DNA Damage Response (DDR) and that defects in these regulatory connections are associated with genomic instability of cancers. In fact, many BER proteins are associated with those involved in RNA metabolism, ncRNA processing and transcriptional regulation, including within the nucleolus, proving a substantial role of the interactome network in determining their non-canonical functions in tumor cells. Mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a key DNA repair enzyme in canonical BER involved in genome stability but also in the non-canonical expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, tumor progression and chemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying APE1’s role in these processes are still unclear. Recent findings from our Lab point to a novel role of APE1 in RNA metabolism. Through the characterization of the interactomes of APE1 with RNA and other proteins, we demonstrate a role for APE1 in pri-miRNA processing and stability via association with the DROSHA processing complex during genotoxic stress. We also showed that endonuclease activity of APE1 is required for the processing of miR-221/222 in regulation expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Analysis of a cohort of different cancers supports the relevance of our findings for tumor biology. We also showed that APE1 participates in RNA- and protein-interactomes involved in cancer development, thus indicating an unsuspected post-transcriptional effect on cancer genes.

Maybe these new insights of BER enzymes, along with their emerging function in RNA-decay, may explain BER essential role in tumor development and chemoresistance and may explain the long-time mystery. Although recent works have provided tremendous amount of data in this field, there are still lot of open questions.

More about the speaker

Host: Francesca Storici, Ph.D.

Craig Osenberg, Ph.D.
Odum School of Ecology
University of Georgia

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Craig W. Osenberg graduated with highest honors from the University of California Santa Barbara (BA, Biological Sciences, 1980), and later completed his graduate studies at the Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University (PhD, 1988, working with Earl Werner and Gary Mittelbach). He went on to a post-doctoral and research appointment at UC Santa Barbara and faculty appointments at UC Berkeley and the University of Florida; at UF, he served as Graduate Coordinator (Dept. of Zoology) and Chair (Department of Biology).  Craig is now Professor of Ecology in the Odum School of Ecology at the University of Georgia.

His research in population and community ecology tackles problems across a diversity of habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, and marine) and organisms (fish, amphibians, plants, invertebrates), but is organized around several interrelated research themes: (1) fish population dynamics – the role of stage-structure and the effects of density dependence; (2) the development and application of statistical tools designed to quantify impacts of human activities on ecological systems (including marine reserves); (3) the development and application of meta-analysis and quantitative synthesis; and (4) coral reef dynamics – especially the role of species interactions (including mutualisms) on the growth and survival of corals and the resulting feedbacks on coral-associated organisms. These projects have been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, NSF IGERT program, Sea Grant, French-American Cultural Exchange, and the European Union. He and the students working in his lab have published over 170 papers.

Professor Osenberg was elected a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America in 2015. He also was Chair of the Aquatic Section of ESA, Editor-in-Chief of Oecologia, served on the editorial boards of Ecology, Ecological Monographs and Frontiers in Marine Science, and was on the Science Advisory Board to the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.  He has served as a consultant to a diversity of groups applying science to important environments issues, including human impacts in marine systems, the design and assessment of marine protected areas in Costa Rica and the Mediterranean, and restoration of the Everglades and the Gulf of Mexico.

Host: Mary Hay, Ph.D.

Erik Andersen, Ph.D.
Department of Molecular Biosciences
Northwestern University

ABSTRACT
My laboratory studies the genetics and genomics of complex traits using Caenorhabditis nematodes, including the keystone model organism C. elegans. I will discuss our recent progress on the characterization of genetic variation across the C. elegans species with some new collections from the Hawaiian Islands. We see that population diversity is high in this location as compared to the rest of the world. This genetic variation resource can be leveraged for genome-wide association mappings. I will present our high-throughput fitness assays that measure growth and offspring production after exposures to diverse chemicals and toxins. We discovered and characterized natural variation in response to the metalloid arsenic, identifying a new metabolic effect of this toxin. Lastly, I will present data about how C. elegans disperses in the wild and natural variation in dispersal strategies with implications for niche preferences.

Natalie Saini, Ph.D.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

ABSTRACT
Accumulation of somatic mutations over the lifetime of an individual can be facilitated by genetic factors like impaired DNA repair pathways, and by exogenous DNA damaging agents.  The large-scale cancer genome sequencing projects have demonstrated that mutation load and spectra in cancer genomes are characteristic of the cell and type tissue, location in the body, and environmental exposures.  However, accurate measurements of lifetime accumulation of genetic changes attributable to these factors in healthy human cells are lacking.  Previously, we demonstrated that mutation loads and spectra in the genomes of single skin fibroblast-derived clonal lineages from two healthy individuals resemble cancers.  We showed that while, all samples carry CàT changes at CpG dinucleotides (the aging-associated mutation signature), cells from sun-exposed body sites carry a higher mutation burden with a predominant UV–induced mutation signature as compared to unexposed sites.  Somatic mutation load also can be used as a measure of the ability of the cells to repair lesions.  As such, we hypothesize that individuals with potentially deleterious polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, would have higher mutation loads and different mutational spectra than carriers of functional alleles.  We have obtained DNA from >3000 individuals via the NIEHS Environmental Polymorphisms Registry.  Amplification of potential DNA repair genes with asymmetric barcodes, and sequencing via the Pacific Biosciences single molecule real-time sequencing technology is used for identifying healthy individuals with common and rare deleterious alleles in the given gene.  Sequencing single cell-derived clones from these individuals provides the range of mutation loads, and predominant mutation signatures attributable to defects in DNA repair pathways across a population.

Host: Kirill Lobachev, Ph.D.

A unique treat awaits fans at the Yellow Jackets’ Jan. 22 men’s basketball home game. The Georgia Tech team will battle Notre Dame’s Fighting Irish for the hoops amid element cards, games, and prizes to celebrate 2019, the International Year of the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements.  

Born 150 years ago, the periodic table is one of the most important and recognizable tools of science. To celebrate the table’s staying power, the United Nations proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements.

At Georgia Tech, the College of Sciences is leading an all-year-round celebration, #IYPT2019GT. It has partnered with other units to engage students, faculty, and staff in reconnecting with the periodic table, through athletics, art, and academics.

Kicking off the celebration is “The Periodic Table at Georgia Tech vs Notre Dame” men’s basketball match on Jan. 22. Partnering with Georgia Tech Athletics, the College of Sciences will bring #IYPT2019GT to McCamish Pavilion. Fans will have a chance to play games with the periodic table and element cards featuring the Yellow Jackets basketball team and Georgia Tech researchers. Prizes await lucky winners.  

Admission is free to Georgia Tech students with a valid BuzzCard.  

Discounted tickets are available to Georgia Tech faculty and staff here. 

Parking for Fans and Visitors

To purchase guaranteed gameday parking in advance ($12 plus service fee), visit the Click and Park website. Cash payments ($15) are also accepted at each parking location listed below (attendants from Standard Parking Plus will be collecting parking fees).

Fans are allowed to park in E40, E52, ER55 (Fowler Street only), E63, E65, ER66 and W23. Click here for more information on parking zones. For weekend games, parking areas open four (4) hours before tipoff. For weekday games, parking areas open at 5:00 p.m.​

Visitors who arrive before these areas open are welcome to park in the GT Hotel and Conference Center parking deck (E81) in Tech Square or in Visitors’ Area 6 at $1.50 per hour.

Please note the following regulations:

• Parking on sidewalks, lawns, green space or landscaped areas is prohibited.
• Vehicles found in violation will be subject to impoundment and fines.

Go Yellow Jackets!

A Frontiers in Science Lecture to celebrate 2019, the International Year of the Periodic Table

The creation of the elements in the universe took billions of years and required various processes.

The first few minutes of the big bang produced only hydrogen (H) and helium (He). No new elements were formed until a few hundred million years later when the first generation of stars were born and they started fusing H and He into slightly higher-mass elements, such as carbon and oxygen. Various fusion reactions by multiple generations of stars eventually created elements up to iron (Fe).

However, normal stars cannot produce elements beyond Fe. Creation of elements heavier than Fe required the cataclysmic explosions of supernovas. These violent deaths of massive stars not only completed the natural elements in the periodic table. They also enabled human life, because certain life processes require heavy elements.

About the Speaker
James “Jim” Sowell is an astronomer at Georgia Tech and the director of the Georgia Tech Observatory. He has taught Georgia Tech’s two Introductory Astronomy courses for 27 years and the advanced Stellar Astrophysics course for 20 years. 

He won the inaugural CETL Undergraduate Educator Award in 2009.  He often performs public outreach and education, including the widely popular, monthly Public Nights at the Observatory; presentations at schools; and workshops for K-12 teachers. He developed the Aloha Telescope. This remotely controlled facility in Hawaii allows Atlanta area K-12 teachers and students to view live images of the Moon during regular school hours. 

Sowell earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from Vanderbilt University and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. He joined Georgia Tech in 1989.

About Frontiers in Science Lectures
Lectures in this series are intended to inform, engage, and inspire students, faculty, staff, and the public on developments, breakthroughs, and topics of general interest in the sciences and mathematics. Lecturers tailor their talks for nonexpert audiences.

About the Periodic Table Frontiers in Science Lecture Series
Throughout 2019, the College of Sciences will bring prominent researchers from Georgia Tech and beyond to expound on little-discussed aspects of chemical elements:

• Feb. 6, James Sowell, How the Universe Made the Elements in the Periodic Table
• March 5, Michael Filler, Celebrating Silicon: Its Success, Hidden History, and Next Act
• April 2, John Baez, University of California, Riverside, Mathematical Mysteries of the Periodic Table
• April 18, Sam Kean, Author, The Periodic Table: A Treasure Trove of Passion, Adventure, Betrayal, and Obsession
• Sept. 12, Monica Halka, The Elusive End of the Periodic Table: Why Chase It?
• October, Taka Ito, Turning Sour, Bloated, and Out of Breath: Ocean Chemistry under Global Warming (This will take place on the Thursday of Homecoming Week 2019)
• Nov. 12, Margaret Kosal, The Geopolitics of Rare and Not-So-Rare Elements

Closest public parking is Visitors Area 2, on Ferst Street by the Student Center, http://pts.gatech.edu/visitors#l3  

Refreshments served after every lecture